9+ Best Kentucky Weather in June: A Guide


9+ Best Kentucky Weather in June: A Guide

Kentucky usually experiences a transition from spring to summer time throughout June. This era is characterised by growing temperatures and humidity. Common excessive temperatures vary from the low 80s Fahrenheit (higher 20s Celsius) within the early a part of the month to the higher 80s Fahrenheit (low 30s Celsius) by the top. Nighttime lows usually keep within the mid-60s Fahrenheit (excessive teenagers Celsius). Rainfall is widespread, with thunderstorms incessantly occurring, notably within the afternoons and evenings. These can convey heavy downpours, however usually don’t final lengthy.

Understanding Kentucky’s local weather throughout this time is essential for anybody planning outside actions or visiting the state. The nice and cozy temperatures and plentiful sunshine create perfect situations for exploring the state’s pure magnificence, from mountain climbing and tenting to boating and fishing. Nevertheless, the potential for rain and thunderstorms necessitates preparedness and adaptability in scheduling. Traditionally, June has been a key month for agriculture in Kentucky, and the nice and cozy climate coupled with rainfall gives optimum rising situations for quite a few crops. This era additionally marks the beginning of the tourism season for a lot of outside points of interest.

The next sections will delve deeper into particular points of Kentucky’s local weather in June, together with common temperatures and rainfall throughout completely different areas, historic climate information tendencies, and suggestions for planning actions throughout this time. Additional evaluation may also handle the influence of those climate patterns on native agriculture and tourism.

1. Heat Temperatures

Heat temperatures are a defining attribute of June climate in Kentucky, influencing varied points of each day life and the state’s atmosphere. This rise in temperature marks a definite shift from spring’s milder situations and units the stage for the summer time season. Understanding the implications of those hotter temperatures is essential for residents, guests, and industries alike.

  • Influence on Outside Actions

    Hotter temperatures create favorable situations for a spread of out of doors pursuits, together with mountain climbing, tenting, swimming, and festivals. Longer daylight mixed with comfy temperatures prolong alternatives for recreation and tourism. Nevertheless, warmth additionally necessitates precautions towards heatstroke and dehydration, notably throughout peak sunshine hours.

  • Affect on Agriculture

    June’s heat temperatures play a vital position in Kentucky’s agricultural sector. They speed up crop development and growth, benefiting crops reminiscent of corn, soybeans, and tobacco. Nevertheless, sustained intervals of excessive temperatures may also stress crops, growing the necessity for irrigation and probably impacting yields.

  • Impact on Power Consumption

    Rising temperatures usually result in elevated power consumption resulting from greater demand for air-con. This surge in demand can pressure energy grids and contribute to greater utility payments. Understanding this correlation permits for higher power administration and planning.

  • Relationship to Climate Patterns

    Heat temperatures contribute to atmospheric instability, which may result in the formation of thunderstorms, a standard prevalence in Kentucky throughout June. This elevated chance of precipitation influences outside actions and agricultural practices. The interaction between heat temperatures and rainfall defines a lot of the June local weather.

The nice and cozy temperatures prevalent in Kentucky throughout June contribute considerably to the general climate patterns noticed. They signify an important issue affecting varied sectors, from recreation and agriculture to power consumption. Recognizing these multifaceted influences permits for knowledgeable decision-making and preparation for the distinctive situations characterizing June in Kentucky.

2. Excessive Humidity

Excessive humidity is a major attribute of Kentucky’s climate in June, enjoying an important position in shaping the general local weather expertise. The elevated moisture content material within the air influences not solely perceived temperatures but additionally the event of climate patterns. Understanding the influence of excessive humidity is important for adapting to and getting ready for June situations in Kentucky.

  • Discomfort and Well being

    Elevated humidity ranges can exacerbate the sensation of warmth, making even average temperatures really feel oppressive. The physique’s potential to chill itself by way of perspiration is hindered when the air is already saturated with moisture. This may result in warmth exhaustion or heatstroke, notably during times of bodily exertion. Staying hydrated and limiting strenuous outside actions throughout peak humidity intervals are essential precautions.

  • Affect on Precipitation

    Excessive humidity gives ample moisture for the event of thunderstorms, a frequent prevalence in Kentucky throughout June. The nice and cozy, moist air rises and cools, resulting in condensation and the formation of storm clouds. These storms can convey heavy downpours, lightning, and infrequently, hail. The mixture of excessive humidity and heat temperatures creates an atmosphere conducive to convective precipitation.

  • Influence on Agriculture

    Whereas rainfall related to excessive humidity advantages crop development, extreme moisture may also create challenges for agriculture. Excessive humidity can promote the expansion of fungi and ailments that have an effect on crops. Moreover, the moist situations could make it tough to dry harvested hay or different agricultural merchandise, probably resulting in spoilage.

  • Impact on Infrastructure

    Excessive humidity can speed up the deterioration of infrastructure, notably constructions made from wooden or steel. Moisture within the air can contribute to rust, rot, and different types of degradation. Sustaining and defending infrastructure from the consequences of humidity is important for long-term sustainability.

The excessive humidity prevalent in Kentucky throughout June considerably impacts varied points of life, from private consolation and well being to agriculture and infrastructure. Understanding the interaction between humidity, temperature, and precipitation gives useful insights into the complexities of Kentucky’s June local weather and permits for efficient adaptation and preparedness.

3. Frequent Rainfall

Frequent rainfall is a defining attribute of June climate in Kentucky. The convergence of heat, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico and cooler air lots from the north creates an atmosphere conducive to precipitation. Convective thunderstorms, typically triggered by afternoon heating, are widespread. These storms can ship important rainfall in brief intervals, contributing to the month-to-month precipitation averages usually noticed in June. This rainfall performs an important position within the area’s ecosystem and agricultural practices.

The influence of frequent rainfall extends past merely accumulating precipitation. The timing and depth of those rain occasions can considerably affect agricultural yields. For instance, well timed rainfall throughout the early development phases of corn and soybeans may be extremely useful, whereas extreme rainfall throughout harvest can result in crop harm and losses. Moreover, the frequency of rainfall can influence soil moisture ranges, affecting planting schedules and the general well being of vegetation. Understanding these patterns permits farmers to optimize planting methods and mitigate potential weather-related dangers.

Frequent rainfall in June contributes considerably to Kentucky’s annual precipitation totals. Sustaining ample soil moisture is important for supporting the area’s various ecosystems and agricultural productiveness. Nevertheless, the depth of rainfall occasions may also pose challenges, together with localized flooding and soil erosion. Efficient water administration methods are essential for mitigating these dangers and guaranteeing the sustainable use of water assets. Understanding the nuances of rainfall patterns in June is important for each agricultural planning and environmental administration in Kentucky.

4. Afternoon Thunderstorms

Afternoon thunderstorms are an indicator of June climate in Kentucky. The mixture of heat, humid air close to the floor and cooler air aloft creates an unstable environment. Because the solar heats the bottom all through the day, heat air rises, carrying moisture with it. This rising air cools and condenses, forming cumulonimbus clouds, the birthplace of thunderstorms. The height heating of the day, usually within the afternoon, typically triggers the event of those storms. The depth of those thunderstorms can range, starting from temporary, localized showers to extreme storms with heavy rainfall, sturdy winds, hail, and lightning.

These thunderstorms contribute considerably to Kentucky’s June rainfall totals. Whereas offering much-needed moisture for agriculture, they will additionally disrupt outside actions and pose dangers resulting from flash flooding, lightning strikes, and robust winds. For instance, a sudden downpour can interrupt a group pageant or sporting occasion, requiring attendees to hunt shelter. In agricultural settings, heavy rainfall can harm crops or delay harvesting. Understanding the everyday patterns of afternoon thunderstorms permits for higher planning and preparedness. Climate forecasts and radar imagery can present useful insights into the potential for thunderstorm growth, enabling people and communities to take applicable precautions.

Afternoon thunderstorms signify an important part of Kentucky’s June local weather. They’re a consequence of particular atmospheric situations and contribute considerably to the general precipitation patterns. Consciousness of the potential for these storms and their related hazards is important for minimizing disruptions and guaranteeing security. The power to anticipate and reply to those climate occasions is a crucial side of navigating Kentucky’s June local weather. Additional investigation into long-term tendencies and the affect of local weather change on afternoon thunderstorm patterns can provide useful insights for future planning and adaptation.

5. Ample Sunshine

Ample sunshine is a key characteristic of Kentucky’s climate in June. Prolonged daylight and customarily clear skies contribute to elevated photo voltaic radiation. This inflow of photo voltaic power has important implications for the state’s atmosphere, agriculture, and general local weather throughout this era.

  • Influence on Temperature

    Sunshine performs a major position in driving daytime temperature will increase. The absorption of photo voltaic radiation by the Earth’s floor results in warming, contributing to the attribute heat of June in Kentucky. This warming impact influences varied processes, from evaporation charges to plant development.

  • Affect on Plant Progress

    Ample sunshine gives the power obligatory for photosynthesis, the method by which crops convert mild power into chemical power. This power fuels plant development and growth, making June an important interval for crops like corn, soybeans, and tobacco, which thrive underneath these situations. The prolonged daylight additional improve photosynthetic exercise.

  • Contribution to Evaporation

    Elevated photo voltaic radiation accelerates the evaporation of water from surfaces, together with soil and our bodies of water. This course of contributes to atmospheric humidity and influences the event of afternoon thunderstorms, a frequent prevalence in Kentucky throughout June. The interaction between sunshine, evaporation, and precipitation shapes the general climate patterns.

  • Impact on Outside Actions

    Ample sunshine creates favorable situations for outside recreation, together with mountain climbing, tenting, and water sports activities. The prolonged daylight enable for extra time to get pleasure from these actions. Nevertheless, the mix of sunshine and excessive temperatures necessitates precautions towards sunburn and heatstroke. Acceptable solar safety measures grow to be essential.

Ample sunshine throughout June considerably influences Kentucky’s local weather, impacting temperatures, plant development, and precipitation patterns. Understanding its position is essential for appreciating the complexities of Kentucky’s climate throughout this time. The interaction between sunshine and different meteorological elements shapes the general atmosphere and influences varied points of life, from agriculture to recreation. Additional exploration of this interaction can improve our understanding of June’s local weather in Kentucky.

6. Lengthy Daylight Hours

Lengthy daylight are a defining attribute of June in Kentucky, straight influenced by the Earth’s axial tilt and orbital place relative to the solar. Throughout this month, Kentucky experiences its longest days of the 12 months, with dawn occurring early within the morning and sundown extending nicely into the night. This prolonged interval of daylight has important implications for the state’s local weather, impacting temperatures, humidity ranges, and the frequency of precipitation. The elevated photo voltaic radiation acquired throughout these lengthy days contributes to greater common temperatures, creating perfect situations for outside actions but additionally growing the chance of heat-related sicknesses.

The prolonged daylight in June affect varied points of life in Kentucky. Agriculture advantages considerably, as crops obtain extra daylight for photosynthesis, selling fast development and growth. The tourism sector additionally experiences a lift, as guests can get pleasure from prolonged intervals for outside recreation, exploring state parks, attending festivals, or partaking in different actions. Nevertheless, the longer days additionally contribute to elevated power consumption, as air-con utilization rises to fight greater temperatures. Understanding the influence of lengthy daylight on power calls for permits for higher useful resource administration and planning.

The mixture of lengthy daylight and heat temperatures creates a singular atmosphere in Kentucky throughout June. Whereas these situations provide quite a few advantages for agriculture, tourism, and recreation, additionally they current challenges associated to warmth stress and power consumption. Recognizing the interaction between prolonged daylight, temperature, and different meteorological elements is important for adapting to and mitigating potential adverse impacts. Additional analysis into the long-term results of fixing daylight patterns on Kentucky’s local weather can present useful insights for future planning and sustainability efforts. The prolonged daylight function a vital part of Kentucky’s June climate, shaping its distinct traits and influencing varied points of life inside the state.

7. Begin of Summer season

June marks the meteorological begin of summer time in Kentucky, coinciding with distinct shifts in climate patterns. Understanding this seasonal transition gives useful context for deciphering the attribute climate noticed all through the month. The beginning of summer time influences temperature tendencies, precipitation patterns, and general local weather situations, impacting varied points of life in Kentucky.

  • Temperature Will increase

    The beginning of summer time brings a noticeable enhance in common temperatures throughout Kentucky. Daytime highs climb into the 80s Fahrenheit (higher 20s Celsius), whereas nighttime lows stay comparatively delicate within the 60s Fahrenheit (excessive teenagers Celsius). This warming development influences outside actions, agricultural practices, and power consumption patterns. As an illustration, elevated temperatures create favorable situations for swimming and different water-based recreation but additionally necessitate precautions towards heatstroke and dehydration.

  • Shifting Precipitation Patterns

    The beginning of summer time typically results in a shift in precipitation patterns. Whereas spring usually options extra widespread, light rainfall, June sees a rise in convective precipitation, characterised by localized, intense thunderstorms. These afternoon storms can convey heavy downpours, lightning, and robust winds, impacting outside occasions and agricultural operations. Predicting these localized storms turns into essential for planning and security.

  • Elevated Humidity

    Summer season’s arrival brings an increase in humidity ranges throughout Kentucky. The nice and cozy air can maintain extra moisture, resulting in a muggy, sticky feeling. This elevated humidity can exacerbate the consequences of warmth, making even average temperatures really feel oppressive. Excessive humidity additionally performs a task in thunderstorm growth, contributing to the frequent afternoon showers widespread in June. Understanding the interaction of temperature and humidity is essential for adapting to Kentucky’s summer time local weather.

  • Prolonged Daylight Hours

    The beginning of summer time coincides with the longest days of the 12 months. Prolonged daylight contribute to greater daytime temperatures and supply ample alternatives for outside actions. The elevated daylight additionally advantages agriculture, selling fast plant development and growth. Nevertheless, longer days may also result in elevated power consumption for cooling functions. Managing power use successfully turns into necessary throughout this era.

The beginning of summer time in June considerably influences Kentucky’s climate, shaping temperature tendencies, precipitation patterns, humidity ranges, and daylight. These interconnected elements create the attribute local weather situations skilled all through the month. Recognizing the affect of the summer time solstice gives useful context for understanding and adapting to the particular climate patterns noticed in Kentucky throughout June. This understanding is essential for varied sectors, together with agriculture, tourism, and public well being, enabling efficient planning and preparedness for the distinctive challenges and alternatives introduced by the beginning of summer time.

8. Variable Situations

Variable situations are a defining attribute of Kentucky climate in June. This era experiences a dynamic interaction of atmospheric elements, resulting in fluctuations in temperature, precipitation, and humidity. Understanding this variability is essential for adapting to the unpredictable nature of June climate and mitigating potential impacts on each day life, agriculture, and outside actions.

  • Temperature Fluctuations

    June temperatures in Kentucky can swing considerably inside quick intervals. Whereas daytime highs typically attain the 80s Fahrenheit (higher 20s Celsius), cooler air lots can often push temperatures down, making a noticeable distinction between each day highs and lows. These fluctuations require versatile clothes decisions and preparedness for each heat and funky situations. Sudden temperature drops may also influence agricultural actions, affecting plant development and growth.

  • Unpredictable Rainfall

    Rainfall in June is characterised by its unpredictable nature. Whereas the month usually experiences frequent precipitation, the timing, depth, and site of rainfall can range considerably. Localized thunderstorms can ship heavy downpours in a single space whereas leaving different areas dry. This variability poses challenges for outside occasions, agricultural planning, and water useful resource administration. Being ready for each moist and dry situations is important throughout June in Kentucky.

  • Shifting Humidity Ranges

    Humidity ranges in June can fluctuate significantly, contributing to the perceived variability of the climate. Excessive humidity could make even reasonably heat temperatures really feel oppressive, whereas decrease humidity can present aid from the warmth. These shifts in humidity can happen quickly, influencing consolation ranges and impacting outside actions. Monitoring humidity forecasts will help people put together for and adapt to altering situations.

  • Speedy Climate Modifications

    June climate in Kentucky is understood for its capability for fast change. Sunny skies can shortly give strategy to thunderstorms, and temperatures can fluctuate considerably inside a single day. This dynamic nature necessitates shut monitoring of climate forecasts and the power to regulate plans accordingly. Being ready for sudden climate shifts is important for guaranteeing security and minimizing disruptions to each day actions.

The variable situations attribute of Kentucky’s June climate underscore the significance of preparedness and flexibility. The fluctuating temperatures, unpredictable rainfall, shifting humidity, and fast climate modifications necessitate cautious planning for outside actions, agricultural operations, and each day routines. Understanding these variable situations permits residents and guests to navigate the complexities of June climate and mitigate potential disruptions. Correct climate forecasting and real-time monitoring grow to be invaluable instruments for making knowledgeable selections and guaranteeing security throughout this dynamic interval.

9. Transitional Local weather

June represents a transitional local weather interval in Kentucky, bridging the hole between spring and summer time. This transition is characterised by dynamic shifts in climate patterns, creating a singular and infrequently unpredictable local weather. Understanding these shifts is essential for anticipating the vary of climate situations potential throughout this month and their implications for varied actions and sectors.

  • Temperature Fluctuations

    The transitional nature of June’s local weather results in important temperature fluctuations. Whereas daytime temperatures more and more attain summer-like ranges, cooler air lots can nonetheless affect situations, leading to extensive variations between each day highs and lows. These fluctuations necessitate adaptable clothes decisions and preparedness for each heat and funky situations. Agriculture experiences the influence of those temperature swings, as crops transition from spring development to summer time maturation. The variability can affect planting schedules and require cautious monitoring of crop growth.

  • Shifting Precipitation Patterns

    June precipitation patterns mirror the transition from spring to summer time. Whereas spring typically brings extra constant, light rainfall, June sees a rise in convective precipitation, characterised by localized, intense thunderstorms. These storms, fueled by growing warmth and humidity, can ship heavy downpours however are sometimes short-lived and geographically remoted. This shift requires preparedness for each moist and dry situations and necessitates cautious planning for outside actions and agricultural operations. Predicting the exact location and timing of those storms turns into a problem.

  • Growing Humidity

    The transition into summer time brings a noticeable enhance in humidity ranges. As temperatures rise, the air’s capability to carry moisture will increase, leading to a muggier environment. This elevated humidity can exacerbate the sensation of warmth, making even average temperatures really feel extra oppressive. It additionally performs a major position within the growth of afternoon thunderstorms, additional contributing to the variable situations attribute of June. Adapting to this growing humidity is essential for sustaining consolation and managing outside actions successfully.

  • Extending Daylight Hours

    June experiences a lengthening of daylight, reaching the height across the summer time solstice. This prolonged daylight contributes to the warming development and gives ample alternative for outside actions. Nevertheless, these longer days additionally affect power consumption patterns as the necessity for cooling will increase. The prolonged daylight additional influence plant development, offering elevated daylight for photosynthesis and accelerating crop growth. This issue is essential for agriculture, as crops profit from the prolonged interval of photo voltaic radiation throughout this vital development part.

The transitional local weather of June in Kentucky presents a dynamic and infrequently unpredictable interval. The confluence of fluctuating temperatures, shifting precipitation patterns, growing humidity, and increasing daylight shapes the distinct climate skilled all through the month. Understanding these interconnected elements is essential for adapting to the variable situations, mitigating potential impacts on varied sectors, and appreciating the nuances of this transitional interval between spring and summer time. This understanding permits for efficient planning, preparedness, and knowledgeable decision-making throughout a month characterised by fast climate modifications and dynamic atmospheric situations.

Regularly Requested Questions on Kentucky Climate in June

This part addresses widespread inquiries relating to Kentucky’s climate in June, offering concise and informative responses to facilitate knowledgeable decision-making and preparedness for guests and residents alike.

Query 1: How scorching does Kentucky get in June?

Common excessive temperatures usually vary from the low 80s Fahrenheit (higher 20s Celsius) in the beginning of June to the higher 80s Fahrenheit (low 30s Celsius) by the top of the month. Nevertheless, temperatures can often exceed 90F (32C).

Query 2: How a lot rain does Kentucky obtain in June?

Kentucky usually receives between 4 and 5 inches of rain throughout June. Rainfall is usually distributed inconsistently, with localized thunderstorms contributing considerably to month-to-month totals. Some areas could expertise greater or decrease quantities relying on particular climate patterns.

Query 3: What’s the humidity like in Kentucky in June?

Humidity ranges are usually excessive in Kentucky throughout June, contributing to the notion of hotter temperatures. This elevated moisture content material within the air could make outside actions really feel extra strenuous, notably throughout peak sunshine hours.

Query 4: What ought to one pack for a visit to Kentucky in June?

Packing mild, breathable clothes appropriate for heat climate is advisable. Inclusion of rain gear, reminiscent of a light-weight jacket or umbrella, is advisable because of the frequency of afternoon thunderstorms. Snug strolling footwear are important for exploring the state’s points of interest. Sunscreen, insect repellent, and a hat are additionally advisable for defense towards the solar and bugs.

Query 5: Are there any particular weather-related dangers in Kentucky throughout June?

The first weather-related dangers in Kentucky throughout June embrace flash flooding from heavy thunderstorms, warmth exhaustion or heatstroke resulting from excessive temperatures and humidity, and extreme climate occasions reminiscent of hail and damaging winds. Staying knowledgeable about climate forecasts and taking applicable precautions is important for minimizing these dangers.

Query 6: How dependable are climate forecasts for Kentucky in June?

Whereas climate forecasts provide useful steering, the variable nature of June climate in Kentucky can typically restrict their accuracy, notably relating to the exact timing and site of thunderstorms. Staying up to date with the newest forecasts and being ready for altering situations is advisable.

Understanding the everyday climate patterns, potential dangers, and applicable preparations allows knowledgeable decision-making and a extra pleasurable expertise in Kentucky throughout June.

The next part affords detailed insights into regional variations in Kentucky’s June local weather.

Suggestions for Navigating Kentucky’s June Climate

Efficiently navigating Kentucky’s June climate requires consciousness and preparation. The next suggestions provide steering for managing the particular situations encountered throughout this era.

Tip 1: Keep Hydrated: Constant hydration is essential, particularly during times of excessive temperatures and humidity. Carrying a reusable water bottle and refilling it all through the day is advisable.

Tip 2: Monitor Climate Forecasts: Checking climate forecasts commonly permits for changes to outside plans based mostly on predicted situations. Being conscious of potential thunderstorms and excessive warmth is especially necessary.

Tip 3: Pack Adaptable Clothes: Packing layers of light-weight, breathable clothes permits for changes based mostly on fluctuating temperatures. A light-weight jacket or sweater can present heat throughout cooler evenings or surprising temperature drops.

Tip 4: Make the most of Solar Safety: Defending pores and skin from the solar’s intense rays is important. Making use of sunscreen with a excessive SPF, sporting a hat, and searching for shade throughout peak sunshine hours are advisable.

Tip 5: Put together for Rain: Carrying an umbrella or light-weight rain jacket is advisable because of the frequency of afternoon thunderstorms. Waterproof luggage or containers can defend digital gadgets and different delicate objects.

Tip 6: Schedule Outside Actions Strategically: Planning outside actions for cooler components of the day, reminiscent of early morning or late night, will help keep away from essentially the most intense warmth. Flexibility in scheduling is essential resulting from unpredictable climate patterns.

Tip 7: Be Conscious of Warmth-Associated Sicknesses: Recognizing the signs of warmth exhaustion and heatstroke is important. In search of cool, shaded areas, resting, and hydrating are important if experiencing these signs.

Tip 8: Respect Climate Warnings: Heeding climate warnings issued by native authorities is paramount. In search of applicable shelter throughout extreme thunderstorms or flash flood warnings can guarantee security.

Following the following pointers can considerably improve consolation and security throughout June in Kentucky, permitting people to completely admire the state’s choices whereas mitigating potential weather-related challenges. These precautions contribute to a extra pleasurable and knowledgeable expertise of Kentucky’s distinctive June local weather.

This data units the stage for a concluding overview of Kentucky’s June climate patterns, summarizing key insights and providing last suggestions.

Kentucky Climate in June

Kentucky’s June climate presents a dynamic interaction of heat temperatures, excessive humidity, and frequent rainfall, punctuated by attribute afternoon thunderstorms. Ample sunshine and prolonged daylight contribute to a local weather perfect for agriculture and outside recreation, whereas the variable situations necessitate preparedness and flexibility. This transitional interval between spring and summer time affords a singular mix of climatic influences, impacting varied sectors and each day life throughout the state. Understanding these patterns is essential for efficient planning and knowledgeable decision-making.

Efficiently navigating Kentucky’s June local weather requires proactive measures. Staying knowledgeable about climate forecasts, getting ready for each sunshine and rain, and understanding the potential dangers related to warmth and extreme climate are important for a protected and pleasurable expertise. Continued commentary and evaluation of climate patterns contribute to a deeper understanding of Kentucky’s dynamic local weather, facilitating improved preparedness and knowledgeable responses to future climate occasions.